Over the last three years, trade tensions between the United States (US) and China have transformed a fairly open bilateral trading environment into a rather protectionist one. The new administration of the United States has maintained most of the bilateral tariffs and non-tariff barriers put in...

This paper uses the product-level data from 1997 to 2015 to analyze whether the trade policy substitution hypothesis is applicable to China. Our empirical research shows that there is a substitution relationship between China's temporary trade barriers and tariff reductions. Additionally, this...

Widening imbalances in current account positions across some of the major OECD economic areas have raised concerns about related increases in protectionist sentiments. This paper reviews recent trends in market openness indicators and assesses whether barriers to international trade and...