compare a traditional normalization approach based on a field classification system with three source normalization approaches … algorithmically constructed classification systems to evaluate the different normalization approaches. Our analysis shows that a … source normalization approach based on the recently introduced idea of fractional citation counting does not perform well …

crown indicator in so much as normalization takes place on the level of individual publication (or item) rather than on … aggregated levels, and therefore assigns equal weight to each publication. The normalization on item level also makes it possible …

of the (mean) Citations per publication (CPP). Thus, this normalization is based on dividing two averages. This procedure … the effects of the Leiden normalization for a recent evaluation where we happened to have access to the underlying data. …