hires are relatively more qualified. Our results suggest a potential upside to patronage as campaign connections create new …

'contract clientelism', or the provision of public contracts to private firms in exchange for campaign donations. Using … goods provision. Politicians need to assign public contracts to secure funds for clientelistic handouts but, in so doing …

This article investigates the patronage phenomenon in the italian, so called, Second Republic. In particular, the … instrument to control and reward politicians' loyalty throughout a legislature. Especially in a majoritarian electoral system …, where the interests of political parties and districts may diverge, the formers would need patronage resource to assure …

We empirically investigate whether the persistence of politicians in political institutions affects the innovation …' innovation activity. However, once the causal effect is isolated by means of instrumental variables, using death of politicians …-term connections with politicians. …