role of urbanization, coal consumption and CO2 emissions as additional variables to avoid omitted variable bias. The … within the period under investigation with a high speed of convergence. The ARDL equilibrium relationship shows that coal … findings reveal a one-way link from GDP to coal consumption, suggesting economic prosperity promotes coal consumption. The …

, the use of coal, and to a lesser degree of oil, is associated with higher carbon emissions, while renewable energy use is … is particularly harmful when coal use is more intensive. The results suggest that mitigating economic cycles might also …

As U.S. coal exports increase and new infrastructure is proposed to improve access to markets in Asia, controversy has … significant disagreement as to whether the end-use of exported coal and the emissions generated by its combustion fall within the …