Although a growing number of investors are engaging with sovereign entities on environmental, social, and governance (ESG) issues, little academic research investigates this new form of investor activism. Applying universal ownership theory and drawing on eleven case studies of policy...

This study considers the implications of long-run temperature risk in U.S. equity markets. Using raw temperature data, I create a proxy for low frequency temperature shocks and test for the existence of a priced temperature risk factor. I find no evidence supporting the existence of a...

This study provides evidence on the existence of a negative Greenium, i.e. a green risk premium, based on European individual stock returns and portfolios. By defining a green factor which is priced by the market, we offer a tool to assess a portfolio exposure to climate risk and hedge against...

The relative equity pricing of more climate-friendly ("green") versus less climate-friendly ("brown") companies is an open question in climate finance. Previous research comes to conflicting conclusions, documenting either a "carbon premium" with brown stocks yielding higher returns, or the...

Using a data set on climate risk constructed by Google BERT (AI) algorithm, fine-tuned by Kölbel et al. (2022), we demonstrate that physical climate risk is materialized in US stock markets. This premium is positive, both statistically and economically significant (1.5% to 2.7% annually),...