The energy transition requires substantial amounts of metals such as copper, nickel, cobalt and lithium. Are these … metals a key bottleneck? We identify metal-specific demand shocks, estimate supply elasticities and pin down the price impact … unprecedented, sustained period in a net-zero emissions scenario. The total value of metals production would rise more than four …

population (UN), energy use per person and real GDP (World Bank and Maddison). Even relatively conservative assumptions put a …