Throughout Pakistan's history, policy has sought to promote exports through government support and incentives. The government machinery is geared to export promotion especially through direct and indirect subsidies. Surprisingly, these policies have been continued without serious examination....

This article considers the relationship between trade intensity, energy consumption, income per capita, and carbon dioxide emissions from 1970-2016 for the Portuguese economy. Considering the arguments of monopolistic competition, the article tests the hypotheses of trade and energy consumption...