This paper generalizes the cointegrated vector autoregressive model of Johansen (1988) to allow for structural changes. Estimation under various hypotheses is made possible by a new estimation technique, that makes it simple to derive a number of interesting likelihood ratio tests. E.g., the...

The Granger representation theorem states that a cointegrated vector autoregressive process can be decomposed into the four components: a random walk, a stationary process, a deterministic part, and a term that depends on the initial values. In this paper, we present a new proof of the theorem....