Low contribution levels to pension schemes in Latin America are an enormous obstacle limiting the implementation of a broad-based social security system. Contribution rates measured as a ratio of contributors to the total labour force stand at an average of 40%, or 60% in the best of cases....

This paper offers a critical analysis of the arguments against the public pensions system. It shows that the defense of the fully funded system based on its solvency and its ability to automatically cope with the processes of aging society are mere fallacies. In fact, it can be shown that the...

Colombia is one of the most unequal countries in Latin America. The high level of informality in the labour market and many characteristics of the pension system leave many elderly in poverty. Only formal-sector employees earning more than the relatively high minimum wage are covered. Linking...

El 22 de marzo de 2023 el Gobierno Nacional radicó el Proyecto de Ley ¿Cambio por la Vejez¿, el cual busca reformar el sistema pensional colombiano y presenta un nuevo esquema de protección a la vejez. La propuesta considera un esquema compuesto por cuatro pilares; el solidario, el...

This article proposes a reading of the armed conflict from an evolutionary design that takes into account the concept of private protection agencies in the works of Schelling / Nozick / Gambetta. Their aim is to assess the dynamics of conflict and changes from its author's scientific output. A...

In the context of internal conflict in Colombia despite the implementation of the law of justice and peace, whose main objective was the recognition of the rights of victims to truth, justice, reparation and guarantees of property not repetition in the context of transitional justice, it is...

This paper compares the differences of individual coverage in the fully-funded social security systems of three Latin American countries. Chile, Columbia, and Mexico each have defined contributions social security systems, yet there are significant differences in system design and incentive that...

This study examines the fiscal impact of the pension reform adopted in Colombia in 1993, which established a fully funded, privately administered pension system alongside the existing pay-as-you-go state scheme. The reform increased the contribution rate and reduced the benefits of the state...

The Colombian pension reform of 1994 introduced a privately administered defined-contribution programme, which coexists with a reformed public defined-benefit programme. This paper gives an overview of the Colombian pension system and evaluates its performance using four criteria: (1)...