This paper empirically examines the determinants of heterogeneous cooperative R&D commercialization strategies of innovating biotechnology start-ups. While the volume of inter-firm collaboration, spanning modes such as strategic alliances and technology licensing, has increased dramatically in...

Determines the extent to which venture capital-backedstartups engage in cooperative commercialization strategies and identifiespossible consequences of those strategies. After a review of the literature onthe extra-financial effects of venture capital (VC) on startups, a number ofhypotheses are...

Which factors shape the commercialization of academic scientific discoveries via startup formation? Prior literature has identified several contributing factors but does not address the fundamental problem that the commercial potential of a nascent discovery is generally unobserved, which...

When are scientific advances translated into commercial products via startup formation? Although prior literature has offered several categories of answers, the commercial potential of a scientific advance is generally unobserved and potentially confounding. We assemble a sample of over 20,000...

Despite the significance of patented university research, it is difficult to measure the economic value of their patented inventions and observe the extent to which universities are able to capture such value through patent licensing. Moving beyond assessing commercialization performance by...