Dutcher, E. Glenn; Balafoutas, Loukas; Lindner, Florian; … - 2013
Managers often use tournaments which motivate workers to compete for the top, compete to avoid the bottom, or both. In … from agents, especially in contests of a relatively larger size. Avoiding being last is shown to produce the lowest … variance of effort, be more effective and, in larger contests, more efficient than competing for the top. Finally, we show that …