sufficiently high ambiguity, more than two messages are often necessary to implement the optimal decision rule of S, though only … not implement the optimal decision rule of S, which is not the case in the absence of ambiguity. Fourth, we show that the … addition of a little ambiguity may generate influential communication that is unambiguously advantageous to S. Fifth, we …

this phenomenon by incorporating the client’s optimism and attitudes toward ambiguity into a strategic communication model … with a lower end strictly below their precise observation. By choosing an optimal level of ambiguity, the expert trades off … client’s ambiguity attitude. As the client becomes more ambiguity averse, precise information about the less preferable …

a cheap talk game. The decision maker is in a situation of model-uncertainty and is ambiguity sensitive. I show that …