With FinTech entrepreneurs threatening to disrupt retail payment services in Europe and around the world, the European Union is using the harmonization of payments law as an opportunity to try to increase innovation and competition in European payment systems. In recent years, the EU has enacted...

Two important features of European integration have been a deepening commitment to in-formation privacy as a fundamental human right, and the successful integration of technical standards into the regulatory framework to support the growth of the internal market. This paper will explore the...