EU law is a separate legal framework, different from international law, and integrated into the legal systems of the Member States. The Union's legal framework is based on autonomous legal sources. Different nature of these sources requires the introduction of a hierarchy among them. At the top...

IP boxes or patent boxes can be introduced so as to promote research and development (R&D) activities or attract mobile IP assets, but they can also cause harmful tax competition. Action 5 of BEPS project has analysed this problem and proposes the application of a ‘nexus approach’ that...