The main objective of this paper is to empirically investigate the socio-economic causes of terrorism and political … violence in a sample of 12 countries in Western Europe. Results are mixed. First, we show that in western European countries …

became conceptualized shortly after as "homegrown terrorism". This article deals with the meaning and scope of this … terrorist groups abroad. A quantitative study of Islamist terrorism in the West since 1989 reveals an increase in both internal … and autonomous terrorism since 2003 and that most plots are now internal - but not autonomous. Finally, we suggest that an …

s, Islam is growing faster than any other religion in Europe. Although Europe has in recent years tightened its … Western perception of Islam. In Part II, I document the increase in the number of Muslims in Western Europe. In Part III, I …Almost 1,300 years after Charles the Hammer turned back the Muslim incursion into Frankish territory, Islam again has a …