The behavioral equilibrium exchange rate (BEER) and the Penn effect models are compared via their applications on the valuation of the Renminbi (RMB). Considering the two models’ bases and applications, I conclude that, in time-series and cross-section data settings, the Penn effect model is...

From posting photos and videos to tracking physical activity, apps can do almost anything, but while they may seem like harmless fun, they may also pose a threat to personal data and national security. This paper compares the different responses of the United States, Canada and Germany to data...