Thirty years ago, a vast share of low- and middle-income countries was heavily state controlled. The liberalizations of the 1980s and 1990s had greatly different effects on growth in countries in Africa, Asia, and Europe. A comparative framework is used to document these differences, and a model...

The purpose of this research paper is to check the gold reserves and its prices among different continents of the world. We choose Africa, America, Europe and Asia to check which continents has the highest gold reserves; also check how countries and their policies affect the Gold prices. The...

Thirty years ago, a vast share of the poor and middle income countries were heavily state-controlled. The effects of the liberalizations in the 1980s and 1990s differed strongly between regions in Africa, Asia and Europe. This paper first documents these differences in reform effects in a...