We formally compare fundamental factor and latent factor approaches to oil price modelling. Fundamental modelling has a long history in seeking to understand oil price movements, while latent factor modelling has a more recent and limited history, but has gained popularity in other financial...

pt. 1. Macroeconomic and distributional dimensions of energy shocks -- pt. 2. Social, local and environmental impacts of changes in the energy market -- pt. 3. The impacts of bio and alternative fuels -- pt. 4. Conclusions.

From posting photos and videos to tracking physical activity, apps can do almost anything, but while they may seem like harmless fun, they may also pose a threat to personal data and national security. This paper compares the different responses of the United States, Canada and Germany to data...