nation-specific costs of having children as measured by time-budget data, by attitude data from the International Social … countries (the US, West Germany, Denmark, Italy, and the United Kingdom), whose fertility rates span the observed fertility … standard welfare-state typologies. Definitive conclusions are difficult because of the multiple dimensions on which child costs …

Understanding child-related costs is crucial given their impact on fertility and labour supply decisions. We quantify … due to the birth of a child (direct costs), which are largest in high-income regions. Immediate labour income losses of … mothers (indirect costs) are less important in explaining the decrease. These income losses are closely related to the …