mobility in education, stems from heterogeneity in the effects of the policies: children of mothers with fewer years of … education benefit more. As a potential mechanism, we find that the policies increased mothers' time investments in children and … parental decisions (labor market, investments in children, and fertility). We merge rich sources of historical information on …

not have children and not due to the wage penalty incurred by mothers. …We examine how much children and responsibilities related with them contribute towards the divergence of men's and …

biological parents. Adopting mothers by definition do not experience sex-specific comparative advantage in childcare due to … all mothers, although slightly smaller for the adopting mothers than for the biological mothers. Neither adopting nor …

employment transitions of West German, East German and migrant mothers of pre-school children. The results indicate that West … work by spouses, kin and friends can facilitate mothers’ return to full-time or part-time positions within the first six … German and migrant mothers return to work sooner if they have access to kin, and that kinship support is particularly …