. Specifically, we ask whether there are behavioral differences between mothers in East and West Germany, whether these differences … time. -- employment ; mothers ; parental leave ; East Germany ; child care …

. Specifically, we ask whether there are behavioral differences between mothers in East and West Germany, whether these differences … West German low employment patterns. -- employment ; mothers ; parental leave ; East Germany ; child care …

. Specifically, we ask whether there are behavioral differences between mothers in East and West Germany, whether these differences …

. Specifically, we ask whether there are behavioral differences between mothers in East and West Germany, whether these differences …

fertility rates that resulted in Germany can be transfered to Japan. -- Out-of-wedlock childbearing ; fertility ; family law … countries. We compare the institutional frame, in particular labor-market characteristics and family law, in Germany and Japan …-earner) family system until the second half of the 20th century. Now we can observe that social changes that happened in Germany …

parental decisions (labor market, investments in children, and fertility). We merge rich sources of historical information on … find that the policies exacerbated the motherhood penalty in labor market outcomes and that they affected fertility choices …