supervisory practices, and there is a roughly equal division between those countries that rely on the central bank as the chief … bank or indirectly through a subsidiary of a bank, rather than through a holding company structure. The notable exceptions … illustrating a way in which empirical examinations of bank performance might be enriched by taking into account differences in …

gains in the longer term) with due consideration being given to initial conditions concerning regulation, taxes and exchange …

. However, central bank's independence and economic independence have a statistically significant effect on financial stability …, whereas central bank accountability, supervisory independence and accountability, political central bank independence as well …

banks in each Europe, Germany and USA between 1994-2009. We identified different main reasons for the banks in each region …