A model of different species competing for the same environment is presented, and possible explanations of peaceful coexistence or rather internecine conflicts are consequently derived. By means of a Lotka-Volterra dynamic system we describe the evolution of two populations (bees and locusts)...

The concept of electoral competition plays a central role in many subfields of political science, but no consensus exists on how to measure it. One key challenge is how to conceptualize and measure electoral competitiveness at the district level across alternative electoral systems. Recent...