This paper focuses on the dynamic interaction among electoral system changes and the electoral strategies of parties in Italy and Japan (1994-2009). In the first section, some key changes in electoral rules are outlined. The second section focuses on the pre-electoral strategies of parties and...

This article develops an empirical measure of electoral availability, i.e., the micro perspective of political competition. As existing research conceptualizes political competition mainly as a macro- or party-level phenomenon, the micro perspective remains underdeveloped and, therefore, an...

What is the marginal effect of competitiveness on the power of electoral incentives? Addressing this question empirically is difficult because challenges to incumbents are endogenous to their behavior in office. To overcome this obstacle, we exploit a unique feature of Kansas courts: 14...