specifications, full incompatibility and preemption are again observed at the equilibrium. With incompatibility, entry deterrence …

and the possibility of side payments. With incompatibility, entry deterrence occurs for sufficiently strong network …

, it later “tips” to monopoly, after which entry is hard, often even too hard given incompatibility. And while switching … costs can encourage small-scale entry, they discourage sellers from raiding one another's existing customers, and so also … discourage more aggressive entry. Because of these competitive effects, even inefficient incompatible competition is often more …