The introduction of the European Markets in Financial Instruments Directive (MiFID) ended the quasi-monopoly of national exchanges in equity trading across Europe and many new trading platforms emerged. European trading venues are neither formally linked by technology nor does regulation enforce...

Since the implementation of the European Markets in Financial Instruments Directive (MiFID), multilateral trading facilities (MTF) have broken down the quasi-monopoly which has been traditionally held by national exchanges across Europe. To date, incumbent exchanges and various MTFs fiercely...