developing the theory, we turn to a voting cost that is randomly assigned and exogenous to politics - Election Day rain storms …

economic decision-making – is important in politics. We show that politicians ‘gamble for re-election’ in the context of a … on MPs’ individual decisions in a de facto vote for the 2021 leadership election of Germany’s centre-right parties. MPs … are more likely to vote for a riskier candidate when faced with tougher re-election races in their constituency …