If an intermediary offers sellers a platform to reach consumers, he may face a hold-up problem: sellers suspect that the intermediary will enter their respective market, competing with them. As sellers fear that they cannot recoup their sunk costs of entry, they do not join the platform. Hence,...

We analyze an oligopoly model where firms choose both quantities and access fees. Per unit prices are determined endogenously to equate quantity demanded with quantity supplied at each firm. In a Nash equilibrium of the game played by firms, the per unit prices equal marginal cost and access...