access only to friendly media outlets and denying access to critical ones. While an incumbent prefers positive bias, granting … gatekeeping can induce a quid pro quo relationship: media provides coverage with positive bias in exchange of future access …

We review the theoretical literature on market determinants of media bias. We present a theoretical framework that …

We develop a tractable theory to study the impact of biased media on election outcomes, voter turnout and welfare. News … rise in media bias affects the election outcome in a non-monotonic way, and reduces voter welfare by decreasing the … other ways to strengthen media competition − such as increased polarization and prevention of collusion − critically depends …

In this chapter we survey the empirical literature on media bias, with a focus on partisan and ideological biases …. First, we discuss the methods used to measure the relative positions of media outlets. We divide bias into two categories …, explicit and implicit bias. We group existing measures of implicit bias into three categories: measures based on comparing …