We study how risk management through hedging impacts firms and competition among firms in the life insurance industry … face costly external finance increase hedging after staggered state-level financial reform that reduces the costs of … hedging. Post reform impacted firms have lower risk and fewer negative income shocks. Product market competition is also …

defined insurance and non-insurance markets based on the initial loss size, we develop theory to show that insurers with buyer … our theory and find support. Monopolistic insurer-subjects in non-insurance markets increase loss sizes to establish …