We extend theory on private-collective innovation by studying the role of exclusion rights for technology in the competition between private-collective and other innovators. We argue that private-collective innovators both pledge their own and invest in orphan exclusion rights for technology as...

Competitive dynamics research has focused primarily on interactions between dyads of firms. Drawing on the awareness-motivation-capability framework and strategic group theory we extend this by proposing that firms' actions are influenced by perceived competitive pressure resulting from actions...