Antitrust violations in the field of intellectual property rights are particularly difficult to detect because practices like cross licensing, patent pools or refusal to deal are not prohibited as such. Furthermore, more than in any other field of antitrust enforcement, decisions by competition...

In recent years, several competition authorities around the world have announced majorinvestigations into potential anti-competitive behaviour by digital platforms. Not all ofthat behaviour harms downstream consumers. This has contributed to a growing ‘existentialcrisis’ at the foundation of...