Between the Sherman Antitrust Act of 1890 and the Clayton Antitrust Act of 1914, the question of what to do about “trusts” dominated American political life. Before 1889, the dominant form of amalgamating competing businesses was the trust, because corporations could not hold shares in other...

We examine whether and how managers alter their tax avoidance strategies when the country adopts stricter competition laws. Using comprehensive data on competition laws from 44 countries, we find that firms engage in more tax avoidance when the country’s competition laws become stricter. This...