This paper studies three specific issues around the application of competition policy to big data. The first issue relates to market power assessment and analyses the power given by data control in the big data value chain. The second and third issues relate to abuse of dominance assessment and...

The first part of this paper focuses on competition between search engines that match user queries with webpages. User welfare, as measured by click-through rates on top-ranked pages, increases when network effects attract more users and generate economies of scale in data aggregation. However,...

This paper examines some key features of the proposed European Union Data Act (European Commission, 2022a). It gives users of tangible digital products and devices access and portability rights to the data generated by their use. This is a pro-competitive measure that weakens the de-facto...

The rapidly evolving market for artificial-intelligence services is apparently thriving and very competitive, with a growing number of AI start-ups and ever larger and more capable AI models. Investors are pouring large amounts of money into start-ups and into a few big tech firms that have the...

This study looks at car data markets from an economic perspective. We start from several options for the technical characteristics of data access points that have been discussed among stakeholders in the automotive industry. We examine the structure of data markets that are likely to emerge from...

The arrival of digital data in agriculture opens the possibility to realise productivity gains through precision farming. It also raises questions about the distribution of these gains between farmers and agricultural service providers. Farmers' control of the data is often perceived as a means...