This contribution offers a critical socio-legal perspective on the European Commission's Decision in the Google Shopping investigation. In particular, three outstanding issues, concerning Google's data collection, algorithmic transparency and the beneficiaries of the Decision are explored. The...

Rapid development of generative artificial intelligence chatbots like ChatGPT is leading search engine providers to move from search to answer engines. Unlike search engines, which provide search results in the form of blue links to content creators, answer engines generate personalised answers...

The EC antitrust prohibitions are regularly invoked in private litigation as a shield. Private parties also play an important role in public antitrust enforcement through complaints to the competition authorities. However, in marked contrast with the situation in the US, private actions for...

Free!! Google and Facebook!!! We all know them, what to worry about? Everything! The giants of the internet are expanding into every corner of the economy, politics and our lives. They control the majority of digital advertising; Alphabet, Google's parent, and Facebook receive more than 60...

Dominant or apparently dominant internet platform increasingly become subject to both antitrust investigations and further-reaching political calls for regulation. While Google is currently in the focus of the discussion, the next candidate is already on the horizon - the ubiquitous online...

Google Search and its algorithm have been subject to intense antitrust scrutiny from competition authorities both in the United States and around the world. Google's introduction of Universal Search in 2007 integrated specialized search results within a narrow category (for example, shopping or...

Free!! Google and Facebook!!! We all know them, what to worry about? Everything! The giants of the internet are expanding into every corner of the economy, politics and our lives. They control the majority of digital advertising; Alphabet, Google's parent, and Facebook receive more than 60...

Do you use Google.com? Familiar with “search,” “maps,” “news,” “calendar,” and more? How about if in that little black toolbar on Google’s homepage, there is also “yahoo,” “bing,” “yandex” and other search providers? This paper considers this argument in the context...

Google occupies a powerful position within the United States economy, a position which many have begun to consider too powerful. Google’s power is derived almost entirely from how it uses the billions of pieces of information it collects on its users—a collection of information known as big...

The DOJ and FTC monopolization cases against Google and Facebook, respectively, represent the most important federal non-merger antitrust initiatives since (at least) the 1990s. As in any monopolization case, market delineation will be a central feature of both cases – as it was in the du Pont...