Patent licensing contracts commonly prohibit licensees from challenging the validity of the patents at the basis of the contract or penalize such challenges. A considerable debate has emerged as to whether courts should enforce these challenge clauses. We argue that this debate has not gone far...

A substantial number of cartels in the European Union are detected and enforced by the national competition authorities (NCAs). The effectiveness of domestic enforcement has been subject to extensive review and debates, which have recently culminated and resulted in the proposal for the ECN+...

If the Supreme Court's recent decision in Apple v. Pepper had hewed to the precedent established by Ohio v. American Express it would have begun its antitrust inquiry with the observation that the relevant market for the provision of app services is an integrated one, in which the overall effect...

Computational antitrust promises not only to help antitrust agencies preside over increasingly complex and dynamic markets, but also to provide companies with the tools to assess and enforce compliance with antitrust laws. If research in the space has been primarily dedicated to supporting...

Competition authorities have several tools at their disposal in crafting a competition policy. Most prominent are litigation and merger review. A less-recognized but often effective tool, however, is "competition advocacy." Broadly, competition advocacy is using persuasion, rather than coercion,...

Hong Kong has only had cross-sector competition law since 2015, but the city’s telecommunications markets have been subject to sector-specific antitrust provisions for over two decades. The importance of nurturing an efficient, innovative, and competitive telecoms industry for Hong Kong’s...

Competition and consumer protection law are intimately related, two sides of the same coin of consumer sovereignty and hence economic justice. Somewhat surprisingly, this relationship is only beginning to be recognized by academics and policy makers. Even more interestingly, the fundamental...

The regulation of digital platforms is frequently framed as a legal and institutional trade-off. Should policy makers “regulate” or should they “break-up” Big Tech? Should they decentralize digital power or should they transform companies like Google into accountable bottlenecks? These...

Antitrust authorities both in the U.S. and in Europe have analyzed wide parts of the complex mechanisms used in the credit card industry to ensure the functioning of the systems. Such arrangements include the honor-all-cards rule, the no-discrimination rule, the price structures such as the...