A message sent to a specific market or an audience contains certain types of information that affect the audience. For this reason, brand identity, nowadays increasingly in a digital form, plays an important role. Each state wants to create a robust, attractive, and different brand identity that...

We argue that monetary policies in euro-candidate countries should also aim at mitigating excessive instability of the key target and instrument variables of monetary policy during turbulent market periods. Our empirical tests show a significant degree of leptokurtosis, thus prevalence of...

This paper assesses the prospects for the new Polish monetary policy strategy of inflation targeting. Regarding the general requirements for implementing an inflation targeting strategy it appears that Poland has made sufficient progress in reducing fiscal dominance and hardening budget...

Dem Beitritt zur Europäischen Union (EU), den zahlreiche Länder anstreben, wird mit einiger Verzögerung die Einführung des Euro folgen. Schon jetzt stellen sich daher zwei grundsätzliche Fragen: Erstens, ist die Europäische Zentralbank (EZB) auch dann mit den derzeit gegebenen...