Both theory and recent empirical evidence on nudging suggest that observability of behavior acts as an instrument for … between observer and observee. Observability involving economic incentives crowds-out anti-social behavior in favor of more …

increase for all households with dispensers. Monitoring and incentives raise handwashing contemporaneously, and effects persist …

We investigated the effect of large changes in financial incentives on the process of decision-making by measuring … increased risk aversion and physiological arousal, and by shifts in attention toward safer alternatives. These effects were … manifested both within and between individuals. We find no evidence that heightened risk aversion is a mistake. To capture the …