indicate that declines in factor inputs and productivity were both important determinants of the output fall. The contribution … of the productivity drop was critical, but smaller than previously reported. Possible causes of the reduction in … productivity are assessed using data on sub-national regions within Russia. Privatization and entry of private firms are found to …

How does access to credit impact consumption volatility? Theory and evidence from advanced economies suggests that … greater household access to finance smooths consumption. Evidence from emerging markets, where consumption is usually more … volatile than income, indicates that financial reform further increases the volatility of consumption relative to output. We …

This paper develops and examines a model of the relationship between consumption and environmental degradation, using … indicator of pollution. The time path of emissions and consumption are modelled within a dynamic framework, and the result is …

-2009. After testing five fiscal measures - government expenditure, consumption, investment, non-oil revenue, and non-oil primary …