Electricity consumption is a useful real-time proxy for economic activities, as most modern-day economic activities involve the use of electricity, which cannot be easily stored. Empirically, electricity consumption data is widely available in high frequency at both aggregate and disaggregate...

We find that consumption risk is lower in states that implement counter-cyclical fiscal policies. Moreover, firms whose investor base are concentrated in counter-cyclical states have lower stock returns, along with firms that relocate their headquarters to a counter-cyclical state. Therefore,...

We find that lottery tax windfalls finance higher state-government expenditures on supplemental security income that increase consumption, but only during bust periods. Wealth transfers from lottery winners to low income households enable fiscal policy to stabilize consumption during bust periods.

Electricity consumption is a useful real-time proxy for economic activities, as most modern-day economic activities involve the use of electricity, which cannot be easily stored. Empirically, electricity consumption data is widely available in high frequency at both aggregate and disaggregate...