This paper analyzes the effect of the business cycle on the regulatory capital buffer of German savings and cooperative banks in the period 1993-2003. The capital buffer is found to fluctuate anticyclically over the business cycle. The fluctuation is stronger for savings banks than for...

Cooperative banks are small and their survival is not guaranteed by the "Too Big To Fail" policy so that their default can be concrete in time of crises. We analyze the contribution of efficiency to cooperative bank probability of default. We estimate several measures of bank efficiency...

This study examines the effect of directors' pay on insolvency risk in member-owned organisations, such as credit unions. This research uses a unique setting of Australian credit unions, where a significant shift is observed from a traditional volunteer board nature to one that compensates...

The article examines the determinants of capital-asset ratios for credit unions in the United States, before and after the implementation of current framework for capital adequacy regulation in the year 2000. Credit unions appear to hold capital in excess of what is required by current capital...

Key Principles of co-operation, namely open membership, democratic control, equal voting rights, not-for-profit orientation, localized operations, and personalized services contribute to the strength of co-operative financial institutions. However, mobilization and management of capital in...

In response to relatively little evidence on the determinants of the financial distress in cooperative financial institutions (e.g., Credit Unions), this paper proposes a distress indicator of Merton Distance to default (Merton DD), which was constructed with a z-score, possessed improved...