Using daily data from January 1, 2020 to March 31, 2021, this research explores COVID-19 shocks on the stock market of 15 representative oil exploration and production enterprises from 7 countries. We measure the COVID-19 epidemic from two levels, government response stringency index and number...

Grocery shopping is a necessity. The COVID-19 pandemic created unprecedented disruptions to all aspects of life including grocery shopping. Many households found it difficult to replace in-store shopping channels as governments enforced closures. The purpose of this study is to uncover how...