This paper puts forward an alternative approach to multiplicative models and their assessment of returns out of financial assets. Firstly, it lays down an operative definition but also sets forth a commutative framework of mappings to provide foundations to such a definition. Next, the total...

Members of cooperatives are patrons and owners simultaneously, which turns out to be a consequential feature ingrained in that sort of business associations. This paper puts forward some contributions to the subject. Firstly, it defines a primary cooperative, making hence a contrast with...

When Minsky put forward his financial instability hypothesis, he resorted - among other macroeconomic tools of analysis - to categories like income, balance-sheet, and portfolio cash flows, so as to cope with the successive stages of hedging, speculative and Ponzi schemes. This paper makes two...

When Minsky put forward his financial instability hypothesis, he resorted – among other macroeconomic tools of analysis – to categories like income, balance-sheet, and portfolio cash flows, so as to cope with the successive stages of hedging, speculative and Ponzi schemes. This paper makes...

Members of cooperatives are patrons and owners simultaneously, which turns out to be a consequential feature ingrained in that sort of business associations. This paper puts forward some contributions to the subject. Firstly, it defines a primary cooperative, making hence a contrast with...