other costs resulting from the efforts of officials to create or augment the opportunities for receiving bribes …

Harassment bribes - payments people give in order not to be denied what they are legally entitled to – are common in …

countries. The rich are more likely to pay bribes in the standard model where the probability of punishment for bribe taking by …, finds bribes in developing countries to be progressive, thus contradicting the theoretical predictions above. We argue that … doubly regressive: (i) the poor are more likely to pay bribes (income elasticity [-0.73, -1]), and (ii) among the bribe …

Harassment bribes - payments people give in order not to be denied what they are legally entitled to – are common in …