developing country, Nicaragua, on the labor market in another developing country, Costa Rica. We find little evidence to support …

Costa Rica and Nicaragua, earnings are highest for formal work, next for upper-tier informal, and last for lower … Rica than in Nicaragua, partly due to the larger proportion of formal workers within Costa Rica (58 per cent vs 19 per cent …

(2012) to test for the voluntary and involuntary nature of informal work in Nicaragua and Costa Rica, without making ad hoc … assumptions about labour market segmentation and self-selection. We find evidence of heterogeneous informality in both Nicaragua … where most workers are involuntarily informal. In Nicaragua, our results suggest that 44 per cent of wage employees are …