The Kiel Canal in Germany connects ports on the Baltic Sea with the rest of the world and is the most-used artificial waterway in the world. Despite this fact, it generates a balance sheet loss. Revenues, which are mainly generated by the transit charge, do not cover its operating expenses. This...

Shipping is pivotal for global commerce, yet its externalities are not yet fully set into context, especially with reference to environmental impact. Shipping is a practise developed from the dawn of history. Its manifestation requires the introduction of relevant supporting industries as well,...

The current study explores the asymmetric cost behaviour in US shipping industry. More precisely, it investigates whether various categories of expenses show asymmetric behaviour after increases or decreases in the stream of their revenues and examines the impact of leverage on managers'...