We examine whether and how lending banks around the world respond to borrowers' carbon emissions – the major contributors to global warming – in their lending decisions. We find that banks charge a higher loan spread and apply stricter non-price terms to borrowing firms with larger direct...

Effective from January 1, 2018, IFRS 9 changed banks' accounting for the impairment of financial assets by replacing the incurred credit loss (ICL) model with the expected credit loss (ECL) model, which enhances the timeliness of accounting for credit losses. Using a sample of international...