The aim of this study was to examine the impact of environmental, social, and governance (ESG) measures on credit ratings given to non-financial institutions by the largest credit rating agencies according to economic sector divisions. The hypotheses were as follows: a strong negative impact on...

The aim of the paper was to analyse the factors influencing European banks' credit ratings by taking into account the size of these institutions. A literature review onthe indicators that can impact bank notes has been made. As a result, the following hypotheses have beendrawn:banks' capital...

The paper examines and analyses the impact of the countries' credit ratings changes on the cost of credit defaults swaps premium. It is assumed statistical significance abnormal returns due to changes in credit ratings assigned by the agencies. It is hypothesized that ratings events convey new...