risks posed by individual banks but also, importantly, those posed by nonbanks and the system as a whole. The recent …

banks using a non-parametric Monte Carlo re-sampling method following Carey [1998]. Our results are based on a panel data … set containing both loan and internal rating data from the banks' complete business loan portfolios over the period 1997 … businesses in the sample is rated by both banks, we can generate loss distributions for SME, retail and corporate credit …

been given a central role. Although much research has been done on external ratings, much less is known about banks … the complete business loan portfolios of two Swedish banks and a credit bureau over the period 1997-2000. We study rating … portfolio with identical counterparts, substantial differences in the implied riskiness between banks. Such differences could …