-in-differences matching strategy, I find that macro exposure to xenophobic violence has an impact on several dimensions of socio … question is how events of xenophobic violence in the host country affect the integration of immigrants. For this purpose, I …-immigrant violence can have indirect costs by impairing the integration of those immigrants who belong to the target group of xenophobic …

adds to the literature by exploiting across-cohort, within school exposure to peer parent incarceration to enhance causal … in physical violence. In contrast, the effects of peer parental incarceration on other outcomes, such as GPA, do not vary …

, we find that while an early exposure to high levels of crime exacerbates dropping out, it has no direct long-term effect …

reduces both moderate and extreme violence. The reason is that a high penalty keeps relatively 'gutless' individuals from … relatively 'tough' individuals to commit moderately violent acts and so makes moderate violence more attractive for otherwise …